Change of periodontal inflammatory indicators through a 4-week weight control intervention including caloric restriction and exercise training in young Koreans: a pilot study

Abstract

Background: Recent cross-sectional studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor for periodontal disease. Exercise training in high fat mice or rats can inhibit gingival inflammation effectively. The objective of this human intervention study was to investigate whether short-term weight control could affect periodontal indexes and serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers in young Koreans. Methods: Forty-one obese volunteers (body mass index (BMI) > 25.0) and 12 normal weight subjects (18.5 <= BMI <= 23.0) participated in a four-week weight control program to analyze the changes in anthropometric criteria, the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides in serum, gingival index, bleeding on probing, periodontal biomarkers in GCF, and dental plaque index at the first and the 27th days. Results: The means of obesity measures decreased significantly more in the obese group (BMI 2.53 +/- 0.96, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) 4.88 +/- 1.58 %, LDL 35.85 +/- 21.74 mgdL(-1)) than in the normal weight group (BMI 0.78 +/- 0.72, WHR 2.00 +/- 0.95 %, LDL 15.58 +/- 18.07 mgdL(-1)). While the obese group showed significant decreases in the biomarkers in GCF (IL-1 beta 58.38 +/- 65.55 pgmL(-1), MMP-8 4.19 +/- 5.61 ngmL(-1), MMP-9 3.36 +/- 6.30 ngmL(-1)), the mean changes for the normal weight group (IL-1 beta 10.07 +/- 21.08 pgmL(-1), MMP-8 1.49 +/- 4.61 ngmL(-1), MMP-9 -1.52 +/- 9.71 ngmL(-1)) were not statistically significant. Anthropometric measures and the amounts of GCF biomarkers had weak positive correlations (0.242 <= r <= 0.340), and LDL in serum correlated with MMP-8 (r = 0.332) and IL-1 beta (r = 0.342) in the obese group. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis in the obese group showed that the relationship between the amount of IL-1 beta in GCF and predictor variables including LDL and BMI was highly significant and accounted for 19.1 % of the variance in IL-1 beta in GCF. Conclusions: In periodontally healthy subjects, weight control could reduce the amounts of MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-1 beta in GCF of the obese subjects. Further studies with periodontally unhealthy and obese people are needed to identify the mechanism of decreases in inflammation biomarkers in GCF through weight control.