Decoding the Parkinson's Symphony: PARIS, Maestro of Transcriptional Regulation and Metal Coordination for Dopamine Release

Abstract

Parkin interacting substrate (PARIS) is a pivotal transcriptional regulator in the brain that orchestrates the activity of various enzymes through its intricate interactions with biomolecules, including nucleic acids. Notably, the binding of PARIS to insulin response sequences (IRSs) triggers a cascade of events that results in the functional loss in the substantia nigra, which impairs dopamine release and, subsequently, exacerbates the relentless neurodegeneration. Here, we report the details of the interactions of PARIS with IRSs via classical zinc finger (ZF) domains in PARIS, namely, PARIS-(ZF2-4). Our biophysical studies with purified PARIS-(ZF2-4) elucidated the binding partner of PARIS, which generates specific interactions with the IRS1 (5'-TATTTTT, K-d = 38.9 +/- 2.4 nM) that is positioned in the promoter region of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha). Mutational and metal-substitution studies demonstrated that Zn-(II)-PARIS-(ZF2-4) could recognize its binding partner selectively. Overall, our work provides submolecular details regarding PARIS and shows that it is a transcriptional factor that regulates dopamine release. Thus, PARIS could be a crucial target for therapeutic applications.