Highly sensitive and rapid detection of hypochlorous acid in aqueous media and its bioimaging in live cells and zebrafish using an ESIPT-driven mycophenolic acid-based fluorescent probe

Abstract

Excessive production of potent biological oxidants such as HOCl has been implicated in numerous diseases. Thus, it is crucial to develop highly specific and precise methods to detect HOCl in living systems, preferably with molecules that can show a distinct therapeutic effect. Our study introduces the synthesis and application of a highly sensitive fluorescence '' turn-on '' probe, Myco-OCl, based on the mycophenolic acid scaffold with exceptional water solubility. The ESIPT-driven mechanism enables Myco-OCl to specifically and rapidly detect (< 5 s) HOCl with an impressive Stokes shift of 105 nm (lambda(ex) = 417 nm, lambda(em) = 522 nm) and a sub-nanomolar (97.3 nM) detection limit with the detection range of 0 to 50 mu M. The potential of Myco-OCl as an excellent biosensor is evident from its successful application for live cell imaging of exogenous and endogenous HOCl. In addition, Myco-OCl enabled us to detect HOCl in a zebrafish inflammatory animal model. These underscore the great potential of Myco-OCl for detecting HOCl in diverse physiological systems. Our findings thus offer a highly promising tool for detecting HOCl in living organisms.