The Mechanism of Copper-Catalyzed Trifunctionalization of Terminal Allenes

Abstract

A highly selective copper-catalyzed trifunctionalization of allenes has been established based on diborylation/cyanation with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B(2)pin(2)) and N-cyano-N-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS). The Cu-catalyzed trifunctionalization of terminal allenes is composed of three catalytic reactions (first borocupration, electrophilic cyanation, and second borocupration) that provide a densely functionalized product with regio-, chemo- and diastereoselectivity. Allene substrates have multiple reaction-sites, and the selectivities are determined by the suitable interactions (e.g., electronic and steric demands) between the catalyst and substrates. We employed DFT calculations to understand the cascade copper-catalyzed trifunctionalization of terminal allenes, providing densely-functionalized organic molecules with outstanding regio-, chemo- and diastereoselectivity in high yields. The selectivity challenges presented by cumulated pi-systems are addressed by systematic computational studies; these give insight to the catalytic multiple-functionalization strategies and explain the high selectivities that we see for these reactions.