Effect of PEG Pairing on the Efficiency of Cancer-Targeting Liposomes

Abstract

Standardized poly(ethylene glycol)-modified (PEGylated) liposomes, which have been widely used in research as well as in pre-clinical and clinical studies, are typically constructed using PEG with a molecular weight of 2000 Da (PEG(2000)). Targeting ligands are also generally conjugated using various functionalized PEG(2000). However, although standardized protocols have routinely used PEG(2000), it is not because this molecular weight PEG has been optimized to enhance tumor uptake of nanoparticles. Herein, we investigated the effect of various PEG lipid pairings-that is, PEG lipids for targeting-ligand conjugation and PEG lipids for achieving 'stealth' function-on in vitro cancer cell- and in vivo tumor-targeting efficacy. A class of high-affinity peptides (aptides) specific to extra domain B of fibronectin (APT(EDB)) was used as a representative model for a cancer-targeting ligand. We synthesized a set of aptide-conjugated PEGylated phospholipids (APT(EDB)-PEG(2000)-DSPE and APT(EDB)-PEG(1000)-DSPE) and then paired them with methoxy-capped PEGylated phospholipids with diverse molecular weights (PEG(2000), PEG(1000), PEG(550), and PEG(350)) to construct various aptide-conjugated PEGylated liposomes. The liposomes with APT(EDB)-PEG(2000)/PEG(1000) and APT(EDB)-PEG(1000)/PEG(550) pairings had the highest uptake in EDB-positive cancer cells. Furthermore, in a U87MG xenograft model, APT(EDB)-PEG(2000)/PEG(1000) liposomes retarded tumor growth to the greatest extent, followed closely by APT(EDB)-PEG(1000)/PEG(550) liposomes. Among the PEGylated liposomes tested, pairs in which the methoxy-capped PEG length was about half that of the targeting ligand-displaying PEG exhibited the best performance, suggesting that PEG pairing is a key consideration in the design of drug-delivery vehicles.