High yield multiwall carbon nanotube synthesis in supercritical fluids

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Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with outer diameters of 10 - 50 nm and wall thicknesses of 5 - 20 nm were synthesized in supercritical toluene at temperatures ranging from 600 to 645 degrees C at 8.3 MPa. Nanotube formation was catalyzed by metallocenes such as cobaltocene, nickelocene, and ferrocene or cobalt or iron nanocrystals; toluene served as both the solvent and the carbon source for nanotube growth. Supplemental carbon sources, either hexane or ethanol (similar to 30 vol%), increased the yield of the carbon nanotubes relative to pure toluene, and catalytic amounts of water (0.75 vol%) minimized the formation of carbon filaments and amorphous carbon. Cobaltocene, with ethanol as a supplemental carbon source, gave the highest percentage of nanotubes in the product (similar to 70%) and the highest conversion of toluene to MWNTs (similar to 4%). The MWNTs tended to exhibit bamboo morphology and appear to grow by a folded-growth mechanism with graphitic sheets wrapped around the seed metal particles. Cobaltocene was also found to catalyze coiled nanotube formation, with the appearance of springs, hairpins, lassos, and coiled ropes.
Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
Issue Date
2006-07
Language
English
Article Type
Article
Keywords

CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; SINGLE-WALLED NANOTUBES; LARGE-SCALE SYNTHESIS; LOW-TEMPERATURE; HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS; GROWTH-MODEL; SOLVOTHERMAL SYNTHESIS; AMORPHOUS-CARBON; CATALYST; NANOCRYSTAL

Citation

CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, v.18, no.14, pp.3356 - 3364

ISSN
0897-4756
DOI
10.1021/cm060589m
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10203/90519
Appears in Collection
CBE-Journal Papers(저널논문)
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