Fast detection and quantification of Escherichia coli using the base principle of the microbial fuel cell

Abstract

Escherichia coli is an important microbial indicator of fecal contamination, making accurate quantitative detection of E. coli a key to ensuring public health. In this study, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) was used as a detection unit of an E. coil sensor, and specific enzymes expressed in E. coil, such as beta-D-galactosidase (GAL) and beta-D-glucuronidase (GUS), were exploited as biological detection elements. As substrates, 4-aminophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (4-APGal) were used for GAL detection, whereas 8-hydroxyquinoline glucuronide (8-HQG) and 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide (PNPG) were used for GUS detection. Once these substrates were hydrolyzed by GAL or GUS, they became electrochemically active products, which were, in turn, oxidized on the anode of the MFC reactor. The power output of the MFC reactor increased sharply when E. coil in the reactor reached the critical concentration. Accordingly, the time required to reach the highest voltage output was recorded as a detection time (DT), and a negative linear relationship was established between DT and the logarithm of the initial concentration of E. cob in the samples studied. The DTs of laboratory samples were 140 min and 560 min for initial concentrations of 1.9 x 10(7) CFU/mL and 42 CFU/mL at 44.5 degrees C. Moreover, the DTs for GUS assays were further shortened by induction with methyl beta-D-glucuronide sodium salt (MetGlu). The quantitative relationship between DTs and initial E. coil concentrations established from replicate laboratory sample assays allowed estimation of the E. coil concentration in environmental samples, but with approximately 100 min of lag time. The lag time was also observed with E. coli samples that were prepared by starving cells in a laboratory. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.