Rotation-, scale-, and translation-invariant image watermark using higher order spectra

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Digital watermarks offer means of protecting the copyright of digital multimedia. However, many of the proposed watermarking methods are vulnerable to the geometrical distortions that occur during normal use of the media. We propose a new image watermarking method that is resilient to rotation, scaling, and translation (RST). We use the higher order spectra (HOS), in particular, the bispectrum feature vector of an image as the watermark. The bispectrum is the Fourier spectrum of the triple correlation of a signal. Phases of the integrated bispectra are invariant to translation and scaling. Rotation invariance is achieved using the Radon transform of the image. An image is decomposed into the 1-D projections and we construct a feature vector from them. A watermark is embedded by modifying the vector. We measure the distance between the feature vector extracted from the test image and the watermark at detector. Results of experimental studies show that our method is robust to geometric attacks, JPEG compression, and Gaussian noise. (C) 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Publisher
SPIE-SOC PHOTOPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS
Issue Date
2003-02
Language
English
Article Type
Article
Citation

OPTICAL ENGINEERING, v.42, pp.340 - 349

ISSN
0091-3286
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10203/17809
Appears in Collection
CS-Journal Papers(저널논문)
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